Indication: Apremilast is used to treat adults with the following conditions:
Psoriatic arthritis: if you are not able to use any other type of medicine called ‘Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs’ (DMARDs) or when you have tried one of these drugs and it did not work properly. Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: if you cannot receive one of the below mentioned treatments or when you have tried one of these treatments and you did not get positive outcomes:
How Apremilast works: Psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis are usually lifelong conditions and there is currently no cure. This drug works by reducing the activity of an enzyme in the body called ‘phosphodiesterase 4’, which is involved in the process of inflammation. By reducing the activity of this enzyme, this medication can help to control the inflammation associated with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis, and thereby reduce the signs and symptoms of these conditions. In psoriatic arthritis, treatment with Apremilast 30 mg results in an improvement in swollen and painful joints, and can improve your general physical function. In psoriasis, treatment with this medicine results in a reduction in psoriatic skin plaques and other signs and symptoms of the disease. Apremilast or otezla has also been demonstrated in order to enhance the quality of life in patients with psoriatic or psoriasis arthritis. Do not take Apremilast: if you are allergic to apremilast 30 mg or any of the other ingredients of this medicine and also if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. Dosage: This drug always should be taken exactly as your healthcare professional has told you. Check with your pharmacist or healthcare practitioner if you are not sure. Your treatment will begin at a lower dose and gradually will increase over the initial 6 days of the treatment. The recommended dose of Otezla 30 mg twice a day after the titration phase is complete - one 30 mg dose in the morning and one 30 mg dose in the evening, about 12 hours apart, either with or without food. How and when to take Apremilast: Swallow the tablets whole, preferably with water. You should consume the tablets either with or without meals. Apremilast tablets should be consumed at about the same time each day, one tablet in the morning and one tablet in the evening. If your physical condition has not improved after the 6 months of the treatment, you must discuss with your healthcare professional. Overdose: If you take more Otezla than you should, discuss with your doctor or go to a nearest hospital straight away. Missed Dose: If you forget a dose of this drug, consume it as soon as you van. If it is near to the time for your upcoming dose, just skip the forgotten dose. Consume the very next dose at about your regular time. Do not receive a couple of doses at the same time. If you stop taking Apremilast: You should continue taking psoriatic arthritis medication until your doctor tells you to stop. Do not stop taking Apremilast without talking to your doctor first. If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your healthcare professionals. Read:- Brief about Apremilast
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Prescribing information (PI): "For full information read PI" and consult a Physician before initiating any treatment.
Indication: It belongs to the thalidomide analog class that was used in the treatment of: Multiple myeloma: Lenalidomide 25 mg drug is used in the treatment of Myeloma when combined with dexamethasone in a patient who has at least received one prior therapy. Certain researchers show that Lenalidomide binds myeloma cells called cereblon. This binding causes myeloma cell death. Transfusion dependent anemia: Patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with or without additional cytogenetic abnormality are treated with this particular drug. Mantle cell lymphoma: Lenalidomide for multiple myeloma drug is used to treat Mantle cell lymphoma patients who have at least received two prior therapy one of which must be bortezomib. Dosage and Administration: This drug is available in capsule form of concentration 2.5mg, 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, and 25 mg. This capsule is taken orally with water. Do not chew, crush, or break lenalidomide capsules. The capsule should be stored at 59 to 86°F (15 to 30°C). Different doses of the drug are administered according to the doctor's prescription. However, the standard dose is: Multiple myeloma: The highest recommended dose of this drug in multiple myeloma is 25mg daily taken orally for 21 days. This drug comes under the maintenance therapy drug that increases 41% survival rate. Treatment is modified or discontinued according to clinical trials. Multiple myeloma followed by stem cell transplantation: 10mg daily dose of lenalidomide is used in a patient who have recently gone through stem cell transplantation suffering from multiple myeloma. Myelodysplastic syndromes: 10 mg drug is orally consumed daily after clinical and laboratory findings. This dose of lenalidomide is used for the treatment until there is no accepted toxicity. If the patient experiences thrombocytopenia and neutropenia then the dose of medicine is adjusted accordingly. Mantle cell lymphoma: 25mg drug for about 28 days is orally taken daily until no accepted toxicity. The dose of this medication is taken according to the reports based on blood count. Missed Dose: If any dose of this drug is missed then take that dose as soon as you remember. Do not take two doses at the same time as it can cause an overdose. Overdose: If this medicine is taken in a high dose then the patient should immediately consult a doctor and poison control center. Precaution: Do not open or break the capsule. Handle this capsule with more care. If the medicine is broken and any area is exposed then immediately wash with soap and water. Contraindication: Do not use this specific drug during pregnancy. Thalidomide may cause limb abnormalities. If this drug is used during pregnancy it may cause birth defects or fetus damage. To avoid any fetal damage from lenalidomide this drug should only be distributed under, "Revlimid REMS”. Read:- Side effects of Lenalidomide Abiraterone acetate is the medicine used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Basically, it is combined with another corticosteroid for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and metastatic high-risk Castration sensitive prostate cancer. The main functioning of this drug works by suppressing the production of androgens inhibiting CYP17A1 and decreasing the production of testosterone.
This drug is used either in combination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone or by the removal of testicles. It is one of the most effective and safest drugs in the whole health system. It was approved in the United States and Europe for medical purposes in 2011. It is also one of the World Health Organisation lists of essential medicines. This prostate cancer treatment medication is present in tablet form of concentration 250 mg and 500 mg as well. It should be taken without food as the presence of food may increase the level of this drug in the body leading to toxicity. Side effects: Some common side effects of Abiraterone acetate tablets are as follows:
Some severe adverse reaction of abiraterone 250 mg is mentioned below. When these reactions are found the patient should immediately consult a doctor. These are:
Tell your doctor or healthcare professional if you experience any adverse effect that bothers you or that does not go away. Above mentioned are not all the possible adverse effects of Abiraterone acetate 250 mg. In order to know more, please discuss with your pharmacist or healthcare provider. Price of Abiraterone: Abiraterone price is pretty decent as well as affordable. A respective patient can purchase it through any legitimate pharmaceutical firm or company. Read:- Can a person die from Prostate cancer? Ribociclib is a kinase inhibitor class drug that is used for the treatment of breast cancer. It is used in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for initial endocrine-based therapy. It is generally used in the patient of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative having advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Ribociclib is a targeted therapy medication that is used in the treatment of advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. This drug is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the protein called cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 in the cell. By blocking these two proteins the cancerous cell stops dividing to form new cells. This helps in preventing the cell from moving G1 to S cell cycle phase. This inhibition slows cancer growth. A combination of Ribociclib with another aromatase inhibitor is found to be more effective in comparison with the agents. Dosage and Administration: This drug is available in tablet form of strength 200mg. Tablet is taken orally with or without food in combination with letrozole. Do Not Crush, crack, or munch the tablet. Swallow the tablet as a whole. The therapy is taken for 21 days followed by 7 days off treatment. If any serious reaction occurs then the use of this medication is discontinued. The dosage of Kryxana depends upon health problems, stage of cancer, General Health, and the type of cancer. If any tablet of this medication is missed then take the drug as soon as you remember. Do not take double doses at a time. If this drug is taken in overdose form and trouble breathing occurs then the patient should immediately consult a doctor. Ribociclib Side Effects: The common adverse reaction of Ribociclib(Kryxana 200 mg) are as follows:
Drug interaction: There are several drug interactions which are listed below:
Ribociclib Price: This medication is inexpensive and cost-friendly. The Ribociclib 200 mg is obtainable at all registered pharmaceutical companies. The order can also be placed through any authorized website of a pharma firm. Related:- Clinical Trials Using Ribociclib: The clinical trials on this list are studying Ribociclib, and are supported by the NCI. Clinical trials look at the new ways in order to prevent, detect, or treat the disease. Ribociclib together with Everolimus and Dexamethasone in Order to Treat Children and Young Adults with Relapsed/Refractory ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia): This phase-I trial studies the appropriate dose and adverse reactions of ribociclib when used together with everolimus and dexamethasone, and to know how effectively they acts in order to treat children and young adults with ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) that has relapsed or come back or does not respond to the treatment (refractory). Ribociclib plus everolimus may block the growth of cancerous cells by resisting certain enzymes required for the cell growth. Anti-inflammatory medicines, such as dexamethasone reduce the body’s immune response and are used together with the other medications in order to treat some sorts of cancer. Considering ribociclib along with everolimus and dexamethasone can work as a possible treatment option for the relapsed/refractory ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Ribociclib Plus Letrozole in Order to Treat Ovarian Cancer: This carried out study demonstrates the response of Ribociclib and Letrozole treatment in patients with low grade serous cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube or peritoneum. A Trial to Demonstrate Efficacy and Safety of Ribociclib Together With Endocrine Therapy as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With HR+Ve/HER2-Ve Early Breast Cancer: A phase-III multi-center, randomized, open label trial in order to demonstrate efficacy as well as safety of the ribociclib together with the endocrine therapy as adjuvant treatment in patients with HR+Ve/HER2-Ve Early Breast Cancer. Ribociclib in Order to Treat Patients with The ER+ Breast Cancer: This randomized phase-II trial studies how effectively ribociclib acts in order to treat patients with ER+ breast cancer. Ribociclib can resist the growth of the tumor cells in order to block certain enzymes required for the cell growth. NOTE: The piece of information mentioned about "A Complete Guide on Ribociclib" in this article is just for the informational purposes and is not served as a substitute for medical treatment, consultation, diagnosis of an experienced/qualified healthcare practitioner. Multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is also learned as plasma cell myeloma. It is a type of cancer in plasma cells. A plasma cell is a type of white blood cell that produces an antibody for humans. After affecting its immune system multiple myeloma also causes a lot of opportunistic infections.
At the initial stage, there are no symptoms observed of multiple myeloma. However few symptoms mentioned below is noticed at a later stage:
There are a few medications that are helpful in the treatment of multiple myeloma. These drugs either work by strengthening the immune system of the body by increasing the number of plasma cells or by blocking the survival activity of cancerous cells. These medications are: Lenalidomide: Lenalidomide is a thalidomide analog drug that is used in the treatment of multiple Myeloma when combined with dexamethasone, inpatient who has received at least one previous therapy. It is also used in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma and in myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS). In the case of Mantle cell lymphoma, it is combined with Bortezomib in the patient having at least two prior therapy. This drug is available in capsule form of different concentrations such as:
Some serious side effects of this medicine are:
Pomalidomide: Pomalidomide is a thalidomide analog that is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, in combination with dexamethasone. This medication is used on the patient who has at least two previous therapies of lenalidomide and proteasome inhibitor class drug. This drug is available in capsule form of different strengths which are as follows:
Side effects of this drug are cited below:
Carfilzomib: This medication is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma in a patient who has received at least 2 prior therapies. This therapy must include bortezomib 20 and an immunomodulatory agent. Carfilzomib is a proteasome inhibitor class drug which should be administered within 60 days of completion of the last therapy. This medication comes in a single wild which contains 60mg of carfilzomib. This is injected intravenously at alternative days for at least two to three weeks. Serious adverse reaction of Carfilzomib injection are:
Daratumumab: The drug Daratumumab, sold under the brand name Darzalex. It is the first monoclonal antibody approved to use for multiple myeloma. It is approved by the FDA in order to treat the multiple myeloma patients, who have received at least 3 prior lines of therapy, including a proteasome inhibitor and an IMiD, or who are refractory to both a proteasome inhibitor and IMiD. This drug is recommended to be given as an intravenous infusion at a dose of 16 mg/kg of body weight. It is given weekly during Weeks 1 through 8, every 2 weeks during Weeks 9 through 24, and then every 4 weeks until disease progression. The most common adverse reactions include:
Thalidomide: In the year of 1998, Thalidomide was approved for medical use in the United States. Thalidomide is recommended as a first-line treatment option for multiple myeloma together with dexamethasone. This immunomodulatory medication works by a number of mechanisms including stimulating T cells and decreasing TNF-α production Administration in pregnancy may be harmful for the baby, including resulting in malformation of the limbs. Most commonly reported side effects include:
Melphalan: It has been used to treat Multiple Myeloma since the 1960s. Melphalan (Alkeran) is a chemotherapy drug commonly used in treating multiple myeloma. It belongs to the family of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents. It acts by interfering with the creation of DNA & RNA. This drug should be used by mouth or by injection into a vein. Patients with this medication may experience some most commonly reported side effects include:
Bortezomib: This drug was the first drug to be approved for the use of multiple myeloma. This drug has a major advantage to be used in a patient having multiple myeloma and suffering from kidney problems. This is available in injection form and is injected intravenously once or twice a week. Some common side effects of this drug are fever, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, decreased appetite, nausea, lowered blood count, and tiredness. Bortezomib can also cause tingling, pain, or numbness in hand and feet due to peripheral neuropathy damage. Ixazomib: This drug belongs to a proteasome inhibitor class drug that is used for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma. This is available in capsule form and should be taken orally once a week followed by three weeks. Some common side effects of this drug include back pain, swelling in hands and feet, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, and low blood platelet count. In a few cases, this can cause peripheral neuropathy leading to nerve damage. Panobinostat: This drug belongs to histone deacetylase inhibitors class drug that is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma who have already been treated with bortezomib and immunomodulating agent. This is available in capsule form and should be taken 3 times a week. Some common adverse reactions of medication are vomiting, swelling in arms and legs, weakness, fever, tiredness, nausea, loss of appetite, decrease in potassium and sodium decrease, and decrease in blood cell count. Serious side effects include liver damage, change in heart rhythm, and bleeding inside the body. Bendamustine: Bendamustine belongs to the alkylating agents family of medication and acts in order to interfere with the function of DNA and RNA. This chemotherapy drug is recommended to be administered by injection into a vein, for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Some commonly reported side effects include:
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome: It is an anthracycline topoisomerase inhibitor used for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma together with bortezomib in those patients who have not previously taken bortezomib and have taken minimum 1-prior therapy. Some most commonly reported side effects include:
Elotuzumab (Empliciti) is also recommended to be used for the treatment of adult patients along with pomalidomide (Pomalyst) and dexamethasone, who've taken 2-prior therapies including lenalidomide and a PI. This drug is specifically an immunostimulatory antibody, believed to target SLAMF7 through 2-mechanisms. Some commonly reported side effects of elotuzumab together with lenalidomide and dexamethasone includes:
Isatuximab can be responsible for causing a reaction in some individuals while it is being administered or within a few hours afterward, which may sometimes be severe. Symptoms may include
NOTE: The piece of information mentioned about "Medications which are helpful in the treatment of Multiple Myeloma" in this article is just for informational purposes and is not served as a substitute for the medical treatment, consultation, diagnosis of an experienced or qualified healthcare professional. Read:- How to deal with final stage of Multiple Myeloma Nevirapine is a medicine used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
Nevirapine is a sort of anti-HIV medication called a "non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor" (NNRTI). It functions by lowering the amount of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the blood. A patient should take Nevirapine with other anti-HIV medicines. When taken with other anti-HIV medicines. Nevirapine can reduce viral load and increase the number of CD4 cells ("T cells"). CD4 cells are a type of immune helper cell in the blood. Following warnings should keep in mind while or before the use of this medication: Skin Reactions: Hazardous and life-threatening skin reactions such as fatal cases, have been observed, occurring most frequently during the initial 6 weeks of the therapy. In some patients with developing symptoms of hypersensitivity reaction Or severe skin reactions such as severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, blisters, oral lesions, muscle or joint aches, conjunctivitis, facial edema, or hepatitis, eosinophilia, granulocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, and renal dysfunction. must permanently discontinue the consumption of Nevirapine tablets and seek medical evaluation right away. St. John’s wort: Concomitant use of hypericum perforatum or St. John's wort containing products and Nevirapine should not be recommended. Co-administration of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), including Nevirapine, with hypericum perforatum is expected to substantially decrease NNRTI concentrations and may result in sub-optimal levels of Nevirapine and lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to it or to the class of NNRTIs. Resistance: Avoid the use of Nevirapine as a single agent in order to treat HIV or added on as a sole agent to a failing regimen. As with all other NNRTIs, resistant virus emerges rapidly when nevirapine is administered as a monotherapy. Hepatic Events: In a few cases fulminant and cholestatic hepatitis, hepatic necrosis and hepatic failure, have been reported in patients treated with Nevirapine. Based on some controlled clinical trials, symptomatic hepatic events occurred in 4% of patients who consumed Nevirapine. In a few cases, patients presented with the non-specific, prodromal symptoms of malaise, anorexia, fatigue, nausea, jaundice, hepatomegaly or liver tenderness with or without initially abnormal serum transaminase levels. Rash was observed in approximately half of the patients with symptomatic hepatic adverse events. Fever as well as flu-like signs and symptoms accompanied a few of these hepatic events. Precautions: The most serious adverse reactions associated with Nevirapine are as follows:
Read:- Indications of Nevirapine Gefitinib is an anticancer medicine that is sold under the trade name Iressa. It is a targeted cancer drug type that mainly inhibits tyrosine kinase and often used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer when both the taxane-based and platinum-based chemotherapies fail to work.
Used in targeted therapies for lung cancer treatment, this drug focuses on the internal components of the cells. Gefitinib works by blocking the functioning of mutant proteins present in abnormal cancerous cells and targets epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) that are found on the surface of all the normal and cancer cells. EGFR works as an antenna that signals cancer cells to divide and grow. How to take gefitinib 250 mg tablets? Gefitinib is available in tablet form of concentration 250 mg. The pills are taken orally with or without food. Take this tablet holder with a glass of water and do not split or chew the tablet. It is recommended to take this tablet at the same time of a day for better effectiveness. You must take this medication as prescribed by your doctor or pharmacist. For better results, consume gefitinib 250 mg around the same time every day and never change the amount of dosage without consulting a health professional. Medications that lower the acids in your stomach may reduce the effectiveness of gefitinib. In such cases, take the antacids 2 hours before or 1 hour after you use gefitinib. Precautions and warnings
Storing gefitinib: Gefitinib Tablet is stored at room temperature of 20-25°C (68-77°F). It is especially mentioned to avoid placing this medicine in excess heat or moisture. Keep it away from the reach of children or pets. Do not flush it down the toilet or throw it in your trash can. At the time of discarding unwanted or expired prescriptions, consult a pharmacist or your local waste disposal company to know how you can safely discard the product. Gefitinib side effects Like any other lung cancer medication, this medicine has some side effects too. Some of the side effects are quite common and do not require any medical attention. They will disappear as your body starts adjusting to the medicine. Here are some common side effects of gefitinib:
Here are some less common impacts of gefitinib on your body. Read them below:
Read:- How does chemotherapy cure lung cancer Prescribing Information: Prior to initiating treatment with etanercept, read prescribing information and consult a healthcare provider.
Etanercept is a Bio Pharmaceutical medication that is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic Arthritis, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis. Etanercept works by inhibiting the tumor necrosis factor TNF by working as a TNF inhibitor. Autoimmune diseases are caused by the overactivity of the immune system. Etanercept blocks the TNF-Alpha factor which is known as the "master regulator of immune-inflammatory responses" in organs. Etanercept is a large molecule having a molecular weight of 150 kDa that blocks the activity of TNF- Alpha factor by decreasing its involvement in inflammation in the human body including several autoimmune diseases. Indication and usage:
Dosage and administration: Treatment always be started by the specialist physicians experienced in the diagnosis as well as treatment of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis or paediatric plaque psoriasis. Patients could self-inject in the case of only if their healthcare provider determines that it is appropriate and with the medical follow-up, as crucial, after the proper training in the injection technique. The different dose concentration of etanercept are mentioned below:
Side effects: Some common side effect of etanercept injection are:
Storage and handling: The handling of etanercept should be very careful. Etanercept is stored in the refrigerator where temperature ranges from 36°F-46°F (2°C and 8°C). Etanercept 50 mg can be stored at room temperature for about 14 days ranging from 68°F-77°F (20°C and 25°C). After storing at room temperature for about 14 days the etanercept should be disposed of. The disposal of etanercept should be according to SOP. It should not be disposed of in an open environment. If the disposed etanercept came in contact with an individual it can cause tumor growth or cancer. Read:- Uses of Etanercept The combination of Atazanavir Ritonavir was approved for use in India in 2012. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the effective as well as safest medicines required in a health system.
Atazanavir, typically administered with the low-dose of ritonavir (atazanavir/r). This combination has been an important innovation for the perspective of treatment of adult HIV infection owing to its ease of dosing, minimal toxicity, high genetic barrier to resistance, virologic potency, favorable resistance profile. Additionally, this combined drug has the lower effect on the lipid as well as glucose metabolism. There are some important potential limitations in order to the treatment with atazanavir/ritonavir such as interactions with acid-reducing agents and those mediated by low-dose ritonavir, benign hyperbilirubinemia with jaundice and a rare risk of nephrolithiasis. The formulation of Atazanavir Ritonavir tablets 300mg/100mg (ATV/r) for treatment of HIV-1 infection among adults living with HIV/AIDS in both the WHO Essential Medicines List and the WHO Essential Medicines List for Adults. The principal reasons for requesting this inclusion are as follows:
The recommended oral dose of Atazanavir 300mg /ritonavir 100 mg tablets for adolescents and adults is one tablet daily, in combination with other antiretroviral agents. ATV/r 300mg/100mg tablets should be taken with food. Side Effects: Side effects generally appear minimal. They may include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, yellowish skin and muscle pains. Extreme care is required in such people who are with underlying liver problems. The use of this HIV medication in pregnancy appears to be safe. In the combination of atazanavir and ritonavir, atazanavir functions as a protease inhibitor and ritonavir works in order to enhance the levels of atazanavir. Check the detailed side effects of Atazanavir and Ritonavir tablets Carvedilol mainly belongs to the beta-blocker group of medicines that functions by relaxing and widening the blood vessels. This makes it easier for your heart to pump blood around the body and reduces blood pressure and strain on your heart.
Carvedilol 6.25 mg is used: -
The frequency of possible adverse effects is as follows and the majority of side effects are dose-related and disappear when the dose is reduced or the treatment discontinued. Some side effects can occur at the beginning of treatment and resolve spontaneously as the treatment continues. Very Common Side Effects: Very common side effects of carvedilol may affect more than 1 in 10 people:
Common Side Effects: Common adverse reactions may affect up to 1 in 10 people:
These reactions may affect up to 1 out of 100 people:
Very rare adverse effects may affect up to 1 out of 10,000 people:
Lopinavir ritonavir is a fixed combined dose of the drug that is used in the treatment of HIV or AIDS. Both of these antiretroviral medications belongs to the protease inhibitor class drug. It works by blocking the protease activity of the viral genome and inhibiting its replication or multiplication. Ritonavir works as a pharmacokinetic booster that is used in very low concentration to enhance the effectiveness of lopinavir in the human body.
The side effect of lopinavir-ritonavir tablets: Few common side effects of lopinavir and ritonavir tablets are:
Some severe side effect of Lopinavir and Ritonavir combination tablet that when appear the patient should immediately consult to doctor:
Darunavir and ritonavir tablets is an antiretroviral medication that is used in the prevention and treatment of HIV or AIDS. it is made active against human immunodeficiency virus Type-1. Both of these drugs belong to the protease inhibitor class and ritonavir works as a pharmacokinetic booster for darunavir. The main function of ritonavir is to increase the concentration of darunavir in human blood. In some cases, the darunavir ritonavir combined drug may replace lopinavir ritonavir combination tablets.
Side effects of Darunavir Ritonavir Tablets: Some less common side effects of darunavir ritonavir combination drug are:
Apart from this, a few common adverse reactions of darunavir ritonavir tablet are:
Although Darunavir Ritonavir tablets may leave some serious adverse effect which are as follows:
Across the world, an estimated 185 million people have been infected with hepatitis C virus. And about 175 million are chronically infected. This highest prevalence of hepatitis C is found in MICs (Middle-Income Countries).
Hepatitis C is blood borne. It is basically transmitted through the unscreened organs, blood and blood products; via injection drug use with shared needles, syringes, filter and other paraphernalia. In medical or dental settings where infection control procedures are inadequate. By tattooing with shared equipment, ink and inkwells and sexually, especially between HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Hepatitis C becomes chronic in 75% of adults, and 80% of children. Others are capable in order to automatically clear their infection, usually within the months. Reinfection is possible in people who automatically cleared HCV, or were successfully treated. The goal and intention of hepatitis C treatment is to cure the virus. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin is a partially effective regimen. Ribavirin: Ribavirin, also known as Tribavirin, is an antiviral medication used for the treatment of:
Side Effects: Common side effects of Ribavirin 200 mg include:
The recommended dose of Ribavirin tablets should be taken as your healthcare professionals prescribed. For those patients who are previously untreated with ribavirin and interferon the recommended duration of the treatment should be 24 to 48 weeks. The dose should be individualized to the patient depending on baseline disease characteristics, response to therapy, and tolerability of the regimen. In some pivotal clinical trials, the patients were advised to take copegus (Ribavirin tablets) with food; therefore, patients are advised to take this medication with food. How Does the Ribavirin Works: Ribavirin 200 mg was approved for medical use in 1986. This guanosine (ribonucleic) analog basically used in order to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping, that's why the drug is a nucleoside inhibitor. This prodrug (Ribavirin), metabolized resembles purine RNA nucleotides. As the form of ribonucleic (guanosine analog), it basically interferes with the RNA metabolism required for viral replication. More than five direct and indirect mechanisms have been proposed for its mechanism of action. The safety and effectiveness of peginterferon alfa-2a in combination with copegus for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection were assessed in two randomized controlled clinical trials. All the patients were adults and had compensated liver disease, liver biopsy diagnosis of chronic hepatitis, detectable hepatitis C virus and were previously not treated with the interferon. Approximately 20% of patients in both studies had compensated cirrhosis. Contraindications: Ribasure (Ribavirin capsules) is contraindicated in:
Read:- Efavirenz Emtricitabine and Tenofovir combination uses Atazanavir is an antiviral drug that belongs to the group of HIV medications known as protease inhibitors. The combination of these medications can help HIV-positive people live longer. Atazanavir sulfate is also a prescribed antiretroviral medication in the U.S. approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The uses of Atazanavir sulfate: This drug comes in the following forms:
If you are taking atazanavir in the oral powder form, do not forget to take ritonavir along with it. Taking atazanavir 300 mg along with 100 mg ritonavir is the ideal dosage per day for therapy-naïve patients. Side effects include: Though minor side effects such as nausea or dizziness can be managed, atazanavir can also cause:
Read:- How Helpful is Atazanavir sulfate in the treatment of HIV Abacavir, a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs), generally sold under the brand name Ziagen. Abacavir sulphate is a medication which is basically used in order to prevent and also in the treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. Like some other nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), abacavir is also used together with other HIV medications. The use of this drug is not specified by itself. Abacavir is the NRTI (nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors) class of medications, which functions in order to block the reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed for HIV virus replication. In the class of NRTI, abacavir belongs to the carbocyclic nucleoside. Patients with this medication may experience some adverse effects. Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) can be fatal. Hypersensitivity Reactions usually occur during the initial days of the therapy. Symptoms may include fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, malaise or fatigue, loss of appetite, and respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath). Abacavir (Ziagen) generally comes in the following forms and strengths:
Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets are as follows:
The use of Abacavir tablets are contraindicated in infants below 3 months of age. In overdose circumstances, an overdose victim should immediately seek medical help from their healthcare provider. Interaction: Following are some common established drug and food interactions, which may take place during the co-administration of abacavir. Abacavir is a Drug from the MPR2 inhibitor (Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 inhibitors) family which could increase the serum concentration of Cabozantinib. Some PIs (Protease inhibitors) such as Ritonavir or Tipranavir may decrease the serum concentration of Abacavir sulfate through induction of glucuronidation. The metabolization of Abacavir is functioned by both the alcohol dehydrogenase as well as glucuronidation. On 18'th December 1998, the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved Abacavir Sulfate. The trade name of abacavir is Ziagen, which contains abacavir sulphate as an active pharmaceutical ingredient commonly called API. Abacavir 300mg (a Protease Inhibitor) shouldn't be added as a single agent when antiretroviral regimens are changed due to loss of virologic response. |
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